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software testing and quality assurance

Questions and Answers of Software Testing And Quality Assurance

understand why different types of model are required and the fundamental system modeling perspectives of context, interaction, structure, and behavior;
have been introduced to some of the diagram types in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how these diagrams may be used in system modeling;
be aware of the ideas underlying model-driven engineering, where a system is automatically generated from structural and behavioral models.
5.1. Explain why it is important to model the context of a system that is being developed. Give two examples of possible errors that could arise if software engineers do not understand the system
5.2. How might you use a model of a system that already exists? Explain why it is not always necessary for such a system model to be complete and correct. Would the same be true if you were
5.3. You have been asked to develop a system that will help with planning large-scale events and parties such as weddings, graduation celebrations, birthday parties, etc. Using an activity diagram,
5.4. For the MHC-PMS, propose a set of use cases that illustrates the interactions between a doctor, who sees patients and prescribes medicine and treatments, and the MHC-PMS.
5.5. Develop a sequence diagram showing the interactions involved when a student registers for a course in a university. Courses may have limited enrollment, so the registration process must include
5.6. Look carefully at how messages and mailboxes are represented in the e-mail system that you use. Model the object classes that might be used in the system implementation to represent a mailbox
5.7. Based on your experience with a bank ATM, draw an activity diagram that models the data processing involved when a customer withdraws cash from the machine.
5.8. Draw a sequence diagram for the same system. Explain why you might want to develop both activity and sequence diagrams when modeling the behavior of a system.
5.9. Draw state diagrams of the control software for: An automatic washing machine that has different programs for different types of clothes. The software for a DVD player. A telephone answering
5.10. You are a software engineering manager and your team proposes that model-driven engineering should be used to develop a new system. What factors should you take into account when deciding
understand why the architectural design of software is important;
understand the decisions that have to be made about the system architecture during the architectural design process;
have been introduced to the idea of architectural patterns, well-tried ways of organizing system architectures, which can be reused in system designs;
know the architectural patterns that are often used in different types of application system, including transaction processing systems and language processing systems.
6.1. When describing a system, explain why you may have to design the system architecture before the requirements specification is complete.
6.2. You have been asked to prepare and deliver a presentation to a non-technical manager to justify the hiring of a system architect for a new project. Write a list of bullet points setting out the
6.3. Explain why design conflicts might arise when designing an architecture for which both availability and security requirements are the most important non-functional requirements.
6.4. Draw diagrams showing a conceptual view and a process view of the architectures of the following systems:An automated ticket-issuing system used by passengers at a railway station.A
6.5. Explain why you normally use several architectural patterns when designing the architecture of a large system. Apart from the information about patterns that I have discussed in this chapter,
6.6. Suggest an architecture for a system (such as iTunes) that is used to sell and distribute music on the Internet. What architectural patterns are the basis for this architecture?
6.7. Explain how you would use the reference model of CASE environments (available on the book’s web pages) to compare the IDEs offered by different vendors of a programming language such as Java.
6.8. Using the generic model of a language processing system presented here, design the architecture of a system that accepts natural language commands and translates these into database queries in a
6.9. Using the basic model of an information system, as presented in Figure 6.16, suggest the components that might be part of an information system that allows users to view information about
6.10. Should there be a separate profession of ‘software architect’ whose role is to work independently with a customer to design the software system architecture? A separate software company
understand the most important activities in a general, objectoriented design process;
understand some of the different models that may be used to document an object-oriented design;
know about the idea of design patterns and how these are a way of reusing design knowledge and experience;
have been introduced to key issues that have to be considered when implementing software, including software reuse and open-source development.
7.1. Using the structured notation shown in Figure 7.3, specify the weather station use cases for Report status and Reconfigure. You should make reasonable assumptions about the functionality that is
7.2. Assume that the MHC-PMS is being developed using an object-oriented approach. Draw a use case diagram showing at least six possible use cases for this system.
7.3. Using the UML graphical notation for object classes, design the following object classes, identifying attributes and operations. Use your own experience to decide on the attributes and
7.4. Using the weather station objects identified in Figure 7.6 as a starting point, identify further objects that may be used in this system. Design an inheritance hierarchy for the objects that you
7.5. Develop the design of the weather station to show the interaction between the data collection subsystem and the instruments that collect weather data. Use sequence diagrams to show this
7.6. Identify possible objects in the following systems and develop an object-oriented design for them. You may make any reasonable assumptions about the systems when deriving the design. A group
7.7. Draw a sequence diagram showing the interactions of objects in a group diary system when a group of people are arranging a meeting.
7.8. Draw a UML state diagram showing the possible state changes in either the group diary or the filling station system.
7.9. Using examples, explain why configuration management is important when a team of people are developing a software product.
7.10. A small company has developed a specialized product that it configures specially for each customer. New customers usually have specific requirements to be incorporated into their system, and
understand the stages of testing from testing, during development to acceptance testing by system customers;
have been introduced to techniques that help you choose test cases that are geared to discovering program defects;
understand test-first development, where you design tests before writing code and run these tests automatically;
know the important differences between component, system, and release testing and be aware of user testing processes and techniques.
8.1. Explain why it is not necessary for a program to be completely free of defects before it is delivered to its customers.
8.2. Explain why testing can only detect the presence of errors, not their absence.
8.3. Some people argue that developers should not be involved in testing their own code but that all testing should be the responsibility of a separate team. Give arguments for and against testing by
8.4. You have been asked to test a method called ‘catWhiteSpace’ in a ‘Paragraph’ object that, within the paragraph, replaces sequences of blank characters with a single blank
8.5. What is regression testing? Explain how the use of automated tests and a testing framework such as JUnit simplifies regression testing.
8.6. The MHC-PMS is constructed by adapting an off-the-shelf information system. What do you think are the differences between testing such a system and testing software that is developed using an
8.7. Write a scenario that could be used to help design tests for the wilderness weather station system.
8.8. What do you understand by the term ‘stress testing’? Suggest how you might stress test the MHC-PMS.
8.9. What are the benefits of involving users in release testing at an early stage in the testing process? Are there disadvantages in user involvement?
8.10. A common approach to system testing is to test the system until the testing budget is exhausted and then deliver the system to customers. Discuss the ethics of this approach for systems that
understand that change is inevitable if software systems are to remain useful and that software development and evolution may be integrated in a spiral model;
understand software evolution processes and influences on these processes;
have learned about different types of software maintenance and the factors that affect maintenance costs; and
understand how legacy systems can be assessed to decide whether they should be scrapped, maintained, reengineered, or replaced.
9.1. Explain why a software system that is used in a real-world environment must change or become progressively less useful.
9.2. Explain the rationale underlying Lehman’s laws. Under what circumstances might the laws break down?
9.3. From Figure 9.4, you can see that impact analysis is an important subprocess in the software evolution process. Using a diagram, suggest what activities might be involved in change impact
9.4. As a software project manager in a company that specializes in the development of software for the offshore oil industry, you have been given the task of discovering the factors that affect the
9.5. Briefly describe the three main types of software maintenance. Why is it sometimes difficult to distinguish between them?
9.6. What are the principal factors that affect the costs of system reengineering?
9.7. Under what circumstances might an organization decide to scrap a system when the system assessment suggests that it is of high quality and of high business value.
9.8. What are the strategic options for legacy system evolution? When would you normally replace all or part of a system rather than continue maintenance of the software?
9.9. Explain why problems with support software might mean that an organization has to replace its legacy systems.
9.10. Do software engineers have a professional responsibility to produce code that can be maintained and changed even if this is not explicitly requested by their employer?
know what is meant by a sociotechnical system and understand the difference between a technical, computer-based system and a sociotechnical system;
have been introduced to the concept of emergent system properties, such as reliability, performance, safety, and security;
know about the procurement, development, and operational activities that are involved in the systems engineering process;
understand why software dependability and security should not be considered in isolation and how they are affected by systems issues, such as operator errors.
10.1. Give two examples of government functions that are supported by complex sociotechnical systems and explain why, in the foreseeable future, these functions cannot be completely automated.
10.2. Explain why the environment in which a computer-based system is installed may have unanticipated effects on the system that lead to system failure. Illustrate your answer with a different
10.3. Why is it impossible to infer the emergent properties of a complex system from the properties of the system components?
10.4. Why is it sometimes difficult to decide whether or not there has been a failure in a sociotechnical system? Illustrate your answer by using examples from the MHC-PMS that has been discussed in
10.5. What is a ‘wicked problem’? Explain why the development of a national medical records system should be considered a ‘wicked problem’.
10.6. A multimedia virtual museum system offering virtual experiences of ancient Greece is to be developed for a consortium of European museums. The system should provide users with the facility to
10.7. Why is system integration a particularly critical part of the systems development process?Suggest three sociotechnical issues that may cause difficulties in the system integration process.
10.8. Explain why legacy systems may be critical to the operation of a business.
10.9. What are the arguments for and against considering system engineering as a profession in its own right, like electrical engineering or software engineering?
10.10. You are an engineer involved in the development of a financial system. During installation, you discover that this system will make a significant number of people redundant. The people in the
=+6.1. Based on your personal observation of people who are excellent software developers, name three personality traits that appear to be common among them.
=+6.2. How can you be "brutally honest" and still not be perceived (by others) as insulting or aggressive?
=+6.3. How does a software team construct "artificial boundaries" that reduce their ability to communicate with others?
=+6.4. Write a brief scenario that describes each of the "boundary-spanning roles" described in Section 6.2.
=+6.5. In Section 6.3, we note that a sense of purpose, involvement, trust, and improvement
=+are essential attributes for effective software teams. Who is responsible for instilling these attributes as a team is formed?
=+6.6. Which of the four organizational paradigms for teams (Section 6.4) do you think would be most effective (a) for the IT department at a major insurance company; (b) for a software
=+engineering group at a major defense contractor; (c) for a software group that builds com-puter games; (d) for a major software company? Explain why you made the choices you did.
=+6.7. If you had to pick one attribute of an agile team that makes it different from a conven-tional software team, what would it be?
=+6.8. Of the forms of social media that were described for software engineering work in Section 6.6, which do you think would be most effective and why?
=+6.9. Write a scenario in which the SafeHome team members make use of one or more forms of social media as part of their software project.
=+6.10. Presently, the cloud is one of the more hyped concepts in the world of computing.
=+Describe how the cloud can add value for a software engineering organization with specific reference to services that are specifically designed to enhance software engineering work.
=+6.11. Do some research on one of the CDE tools noted in the sidebar in Section 6.8 (or a tool assigned by your instructor) and prepare a brief presentation of the tool's capabilities for your class.
=+6.12. Referring to Figure 6.2, why does distance complicate communication? Why does dis-
=+tance accentuate the need for coordination?
=+Why types of barriers and complexity are in-troduced by distance?

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