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Questions and Answers of Statistics Econometrics

7-6 Use the data in Problem 2-4 to find the 95% confidence interval for 90% and 95% of the population of PCB concentrations in Japanese adults. Plot these intervals together with the observations.
7-5 Find the 95% confidence intervals for the percentages of articles with favorable results in the two classes of studies in Problem 5-6.
7-4 Find the 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference in the six minute walk distances for the two test groups in Problem 4-3. Compare this result with the hypothesis test in Problem 4-3.
7-3 Find the 95% confidence intervals for the proportions of adverse outcomes as well as the 95% confidence interval for the difference in rates of adverse outcomes in Problem 5-1. Compare this
7-2 Find the 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production per gram in the two groups of children in Problem 3-1. Based on this confidence interval is the
7-1 Find the 90% and 95% confidence intervals for the mean levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in Problem 2-3.
6-10 How large would the sample size need to be in Problem 6-9 to reach 80% power?
6-9 What is the power of the experiment in Problem 5-4 to detect a situation in which nefazodone and psychotherapy each causes remission one-third of the time, and nefazodone and psychotherapy
6-8 How large must each sample group be to have an 80%power to detect a change of 80 W with 95% confidence?
6-7 Use the data in Problem 3-3 to find the power of detecting an increase in a change in stair climbing power of 50 and 100 W with 95% confidence.
6-6 Use the data in Problem 3-2 to find the power of detecting a change in mean forced midexpiratory flow of 0.25 L/s with 95% confidence.
6-5 How large a sample would be necessary to be 90%confident that men have vertebral bone densities that differ by at least 30% of the values for women when you wish to be 95% confident in any
6-4 In Problem 3-5 (and again in Prob. 4-5), we decided that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that men and women who have had at least one vertebral fracture differ in vertebral bone
6-3 What is the minimum detectable effect one could obtain with 20 people in each group and 80% power?
6-2 How large a sample size would be necessary to increase the power of this study to detect a 25 mg/dL change in total cholesterol?
6-1 Both diabetes and high cholesterol interact to increase the risk of heart disease. Changing diet affects both blood sugar and cholesterol. To investigate how different diets used to control
5-14 Based on the data in Table 5-26, is there an increase in risk of death in women who reported past hormone replacement therapy use compared to women who never used it?
5-13 Many postmenopausal women are faced with the decision of whether they want to take hormone replacement therapy or not. Benefits of hormone replacement include decreased risk of cardiovascular
5-12 Yuan and colleagues also collected information from subjects who had quit smoking. Based on the data in Table 5-24. is there any evidence that stopping smoking reduces risk of developing renal
5-11 Cigarette smoking is associated with increased incidence of many types of cancers. Jian-Min Yuan and colleagues‡wanted to investigate whether cigarette smoking was also associated with
5-10 The chance of contracting disease X is 10%, regardless of whether or not a given individual has disease A or disease B. Assume that you can diagnose all three diseases with perfect accuracy and
5-9 Bipolar disorder is a disabling mental illness that is characterized by episodes of elevated or irritable mood and depression. Lithium carbonate has been the standard therapy for treating bipolar
5-8 Dioxin is one of the most toxic synthetic environmental contaminants. An explosion at a herbicide plant in Sevaso, Italy in 1976 released large amounts of this longlasting contaminant into the
5-7 Authorship in biomedical publications establishes accountability, responsibility, and credit. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors established authorship criteria in 1985, which
5-6 Meta-analysis is an important way to summarize the biomedical literature because they pull together information from many different studies to provide a quantitative estimate of the effect of a
5-5 In debates over whether or not to pass legislation making all restaurants and bars smoke free opponents of the laws routinely claim that such laws harm the hospitality industry economically and
5-4 Major depression can be treated with medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two. M. Keller and colleagues‡ compared the efficacy of these approaches in outpatients diagnosed with a
5-3 The 106 suicides analyzed in Prob. 5-2 were selected from 116 suicides that occurred between April 1987 and March 1988. Eight of the 10 suicides not included in the study were due to lack of
5-2 Adolescent suicide is commonly associated with alcohol misuse. In a retrospective study involving Finnish adolescents who committed suicide, Sami Pirkola and colleagues† compared situational
5-1 Obtaining a blood sample of arterial blood permits measuring blood pH, oxygenation, and CO2 elimination in order to see how well the lungs are functioning at oxygenating blood. The blood sample
4-11 In a test of significance, the P value of the test statistic is .063. Are the data statistically significant at(a) both a = .05 and a = .01 levels?(b) a = .05 level but not at a = .01 level?(c)
4-10 In Problem 3-6 you determined there was a difference in burnout among staffs in different patient care units. Isolate these differences and discuss them.
4-9 What conclusions would you draw if you were only interested in whether sperm viability among men with different levels of cell phone use were significantly different from men who did not use cell
4-8 Problem 3-4 led to the conclusion that there were differences in sperm viability among men with different levels of cell phone use. What are the detectable subgroups in this response? Use a
4-7 Directly test the limited hypothesis that exposure to other people’s smoke affects the health of healthy nonsmokers by comparing each group of involuntary smokers and active smokers with the
4-6 Problem 3-2 presented the data that White and Froeb collected on the lung function of nonsmokers working in smoke-free environments, nonsmokers working in smoky environments, and smokers of
4-5 Rework Problems 3-1, 3-3, and 3-5 using the t test.What is the relationship between the value of t computed here and the value of F computed for these data in Chapter 3?
4-4 To assess whether providing in- person counseling would increase the use of advance directives in homeless people, John Song and colleagues* recruited 262 volunteers at emergency night shelters
4-3 In addition to the stair climbing test discussed in Chapter 3, Mark Roig and colleagues also conducted 6 minute walk tests in which they measured how far people could walk (in meters) in 6
4-2 Hypothermia is problem for extremely low birth weight infants. One idea to help these infants maintain body temperature is to wrap them in polyethylene bags in the delivery room and while they
4-1 In the randomized controlled trial of the use of a cannabis-based medicinal to treat pain associated with diabetic neuropathy discussed in Chapter 3, the 29 people randomized to the control group
3-8 Several studies suggest that schizophrenic patients have lower IQ scores measured before the onset of schizophrenia (premorbid IQ) than would be expected based on family and environmental
3-7 High doses of estrogen interfere with male fertility in many animals, including mice. However, there may be significant differences in the response to estrogen in different mouse strains. To
3-5 Men and women differ in risk of spinal fracture. Men are at increased risk for all types of bone fractures until approximately 45 years of age, an effect probably due to the higher overall trauma
3-4 In the study of cell phone use and sperm function, the investigators also measured sperm viability for the different categories of cell phone users. Is there a difference in viability among these
3-3 The stair climb power test is a functional test used among older people to measure leg muscle power. To assess whether this test could be used to assess leg muscle power in people with chronic
3-2 It was once generally believed that infrequent and short-term exposure to pollutants in tobacco, such as carbon monoxide, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, and oxides of nitrogen, will not permanently
3-1 In order to study the cellular changes in people with tendencies to develop diabetes, Kitt Petersen and her colleagues† studied the ability of muscle cells in normal children and
2-6 Roll a pair of dice and note the numbers on each of the upright faces. These two numbers can be considered a sample of size 2 drawn from the population described in Prob. 2-4. This sample can be
2-5 Sketch the distribution of all possible values of the number on the upright face of a die. What is the mean of this population of possible values?
2-4 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of environmental chemicals associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including intellectual impairment in children exposed in utero while
2-3 When data are not normally distributed, researchers can sometimes transform their data to obtain values that more closely approximate a normal distribution. One approach to this is to take the
2-2 Viral load of HIV-1 is a known risk factor for heterosexual transmission of HIV; people with higher viral loads of HIV-1 are significantly more likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected
2-1 The pain scores for the people treated with the cannabis medicinal in the study discussed earlier in this chapter are 90, 10, 45, 70, 13, 27, 11, 70, 14, 15, 13, 75, 50, 30, 80, 40, 29, 13, 9, 7,
Task 4: Repeat the above analysis but include the pre-intervention exercise scores (Pre_Exercise) as a covariate. What difference does this make to the results?
Task 3: Getting kids to exercise (Hill, Abraham, & Wright, 2007): The purpose of this research was to examine whether providing children with a leaflet based on the ‘theory of planned behaviour’
Task 2: Using our growth model example in this chapter, analyse the data but include Gender as an additional covariate. Does this change your conclusions?
Task 1: Using the cosmetic surgery example, run the analysis described in section 19.6.9 but also including BDI, Age and Gender as fixed effect predictors. What differences does including these
Task 4: On my statistics course students have weekly classes in a computer laboratory. Postgraduate tutors run these classes but I often pop in to help out. I’ve noticed in these sessions that many
Task 3: I was interested in whether horoscopes are just a figment of people’s minds. Therefore, I got 2201 people, made a note of their star sign (this variable, obviously, has 12 categories:
Task 2: In 2008 I had a sabbatical in the Netherlands (I have a real soft spot for Holland). However, living there for three months did enable me to notice certain cultural differences between
Task 1: Certain editors at Sage like to think they’re a bit of a whiz at football (soccer if you prefer). To see whether they are better than Sussex lecturers and postgraduates we invited various
Task 2: Dr Sian Williams (University of Brighton) devised a questionnaire to measure organizational ability. She predicted five factors to do with organizational ability: (1) preference for
Task 1: The University of Sussex is constantly seeking to employ the best people possible as lecturers (no, really, it is). Anyway, they wanted to revise a questionnaire based on Bland’s theory of
Task 3: I was interested in whether students’ knowledge of different aspects of psychology improved throughout their degree. I took a sample of first years, second years and third years and gave
Task 2: I was intrigued by a news story claiming that children who lie would become successful citizens (http://bit.ly/ammQNT). I was particularly intrigued because although the article cited a lot
Task 1: A clinical psychologist noticed that several of his manic psychotic patients did chicken impersonations in public. He wondered whether this behaviour could be used to diagnose this disorder
Task 4: A researcher was interested in trying to prevent coulrophobia(fear of clowns) in children. She decided to do an experiment in which different groups of children (15 in each) were exposed to
Task 3: A psychologist was interested in the effects of television programmes on domestic life. She hypothesized that through ‘learning by watching’, certain programmes might actually encourage
Task 2: There’s been much speculation over the years about the influence of subliminal messages on records. To name a few cases, both Ozzy Osbourne and Judas Priest have been accused of putting
Task 1: A psychologist was interested in the cross-species differences between men and dogs. She observed a group of dogs and a group of men in a naturalistic setting (20 of each). She classified
Task 4: In this chapter we did a robust analysis on some data about how people’s profile pictures on social networking sites affect their friend requests. Reanalyse these data using a non-robust
Task 3: A researcher was interested in the effects on people’s mental health of participating in Big Brother (see Chapter 1 if you don’t know what Big Brother is). The researcher hypothesized
Task 2: Text messaging is very popular among mobile phone owners, to the point that books have been published on how to write in text speak(BTW, hope u no wat I mean by txt spk). One concern is that
Task 1: I am going to extend the example from the previous chapter(advertising and different imagery) by adding a between-group variable into the design.6 To recap, participants viewed a total of
Task 4: In the previous chapter we came across the beer-goggles effect, a severe perceptual distortion after imbibing alcohol that makes previously unattractive people suddenly become the hottest
Task 3: Imagine I wanted to look at the effect alcohol has on the roving eye. The ‘roving eye’ effect is the propensity of people in relationships to‘eye up’ members of the opposite sex. I
Task 2: Repeat the analysis above using R and interpret the results.
Task 1: Students often worry about the consistency of marking between lecturers. Lecturers obtain reputations for being ‘hard’ or ‘light’ markers(or to use the students’ terminology,
Task 5: Back in 2008, hospitals were reporting an increase in injuries related to playing Nintendo Wii(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576244/Spate-of-injuriesblamed-on-Nintendo-Wii.html).
Task 4: Using R’s Souls’ Tip 12.2, conduct a simple effects analysis of the effect of alcohol at different levels of gender (which is the opposite to the example in the chapter).
Task 3: At the start of this chapter I described a way of empirically researching whether I wrote better songs than my old band mate Malcolm, and whether this depended on the type of song (a symphony
Task 2: In Chapter 3 we used some data that related to men and women’s psychological arousal levels when watching either Bridget Jones’s Diary or Memento (ChickFlick.dat). Analyse these data to
Task 1: People’s musical tastes change as they get older (my parents, for example, after years of listening to relatively cool music when I was a kid, subsequently hit their mid-forties and
Task 3: The annual elephant football (soccer) event in Nepal9 is the highlight of the elephant calendar. However, in recent years a heated argument has arisen between the African and Asian elephants.
Task 2: A marketing manager for a certain well-known drinks manufacturer was interested in the therapeutic benefit of certain soft drinks for curing hangovers. He took 15 people out on the town one
Task 1: Stalking is a very disruptive and upsetting (for the person being stalked) experience in which someone (the stalker) constantly harasses or obsesses about another person. It can take many
Task 6: Labcoat Leni’s Real Research 15.2 describes an experiment(Çetinkaya & Domjan, 2006) on quails with fetishes for terrycloth objects (really, it does). In this example, you are asked to
Task 5: Using the Glastonbury data from Chapter 7(GlastonburyFestivalRegression. dat), carry out a one-way ANOVA on the data to see if the change in hygiene (change) is significantly different across
Task 4: Students (and lecturers for that matter) love their mobile phones, which is rather worrying given some recent controversy about links between mobile phone use and brain tumours. The basic
Task 3: In Chapter 15 (section 15.6) there are some data looking at whether eating soya meals reduces your sperm count. Have a look at this section, access the data for that example, but analyse them
Task 2: Earlier in this chapter we encountered some data relating to children’s injuries while wearing superhero costumes. Children reporting to the emergency centre at hospitals had the severity
Task 1: Imagine that I was interested in how different teaching methods affected students’ knowledge. I noticed that some lecturers were aloof and arrogant in their teaching style and humiliated
Task 2: Imagine Twaddle and Sons, the publishers of Women are from Bras, Men are from Penis, were upset about my claims that their book was about as useful as a paper umbrella. They decided to take
Task 1: One of my pet hates is ‘pop psychology’ books. Along with banishing Freud from all bookshops, it is my avowed ambition to rid the world of these rancid putrefaction-ridden wastes of
Task 3: A health psychologist interested in research into HIV wanted to know the factors that influenced condom use with a new partner(relationship less than 1 month old). The outcome measure was
Task 2: Recent research has shown that lecturers are among the most stressed workers. A researcher wanted to know exactly what it was about being a lecturer that created this stress and subsequent
Task 1: A psychologist was interested in whether children’s understanding of display rules can be predicted from their age, and whether the child possesses a theory of mind. A display rule is a
Task 4: A study was carried out to explore the relationship between Aggression and several potential predicting factors in 666 children who had an older sibling. Variables measured were
Task 3: Using the Glastonbury data from this chapter, which you should’ve already analysed, comment on whether you think the model is reliable and generalizable.

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