a. Make sure you understand what happens when a common cause is omitted versus a simple cause

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a. Make sure you understand what happens when a common cause is omitted versus a simple cause of only one of the variables of interest (Figures 12.3 through 12.4). Is Family Background a common cause or a simple cause of Parent Involvement and GPA? Try deleting it from the model; what happens to the path from Involvement to GPA?

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