A team of medical researchers carried out an experiment on adult patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. Patients were randomly assigned to a drug treatment condition or to a placebo control condition. With α = .01, can you conclude that treatment and outcome are independent? Follow these steps to carry out a two-variable χ² test.

1. Present the null hypothesis.

2. Present the alternative hypothesis.

3. Calculate df.

4. Using Table D in your textbook, identify the critical χ² for α = .01.

5. Calculate obtained χ².

6. Present a statistical decision.

7. Present a conclusion in the context of the research problem.

8. Estimate the effect size using squared Cramer’s Phi Coefficient.