Bone fossil study. Archeologists have found that humerus bones from the same species of animal tend to have approximately the same length-to-width ratios. It is known that species A exhibits a mean ratio of 8.5. Suppose 41 fossils of humerus bones were unearthed at an archeological site in East Africa, where species A is believed to have lived. (Assume that the unearthed bones were all from the same unknown species.) The length-to-width ratios of the bones are listed in the following table.

a. Test whether the population mean ratio of all bones of this particular species differs from 8.5. Use a = .01.

b. What are the practical implications of the test you conducted in part a?

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10.73 8.89 9.07 9.20 10.33 9.98 9.84 9.59 8.48 8.71 9.57 9.29 9.94 8.07 8.37 6.85 8.52 8.87 6.23 9.41 6.66 9.35 8.86 9.93 8.91 11.77 10.48 10.39 9.39 9.17 9.89 8.17 8.93 8.80 10.02 8.38 11.67 11.67 8.30 9.17 12.00 9.38