Curbing street gang gun violence. Operation Ceasefire is a program implemented to reduce street gang gun violence in the city of Boston. The effectiveness of the program was examined in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology

(Mar. 2014). Over a 5-year period (2006–2010), there were 80 shootings involving a particular Boston street gang

(called the Lucerne Street Doggz). The information in the table breaks down these shootings by year and by who was shot (gang members or non-gang members). Note: The Ceasefire program was implemented at the end of 2007.

Year Total Shootings Shootings of Gang Members Shootings of Non-Gang Members 2006 37 30 7 2007 30 22 8 2008 4 3 1 2009 5 4 1 2010 4 3 1 Totals 80 62 18 Source: Braga, A. A, Hureau, D. M., and Papachristos, A. V. “Deterring ganginvolved gun violence: Measuring the impact of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire on street gang behavior.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 30, No. 1, Mar. 2014 (adapted from Figure 3).

a. Construct a Pareto diagram for the total annual shootings involving the Boston street gang.

b. Construct a Pareto diagram for the annual shootings of the Boston street gang members.

c. Based on the Pareto diagrams, comment on the effectiveness of Operation Ceasefire.