Discrimination in the workplace is illegal, and companies that discriminate are often sued. The female instructors at a large university recently lodged a complaint about the most recent round of promotions from assistant professor to associate professor.

An analysis of the relationship between gender and promotion produced the following joint probabilities.

Promoted Not Promoted Female .03 .12 Male .17 .68

a. What is the rate of promotion among female assistant professors?

b. What is the rate of promotion among male assistant professors?

c. Is it reasonable to accuse the university of gender bias?