Present the null and alternative hypotheses for the following situations. Use D in the hypotheses. For

Present the null and alternative hypotheses for the following situations. Use µ_D in the hypotheses. For each situation, assume that the researcher will be carrying out a one-tailed test. Also assume that D = X₁ – X₂.

1. The researcher predicts that the weight of the program participants will be greater before they start the program than after they complete it. Weight before the program begins is X₁ and weight at completion of the program is X₂.

2. The researcher predicts that the communication skills of the husbands will be worse than the communication skills of their wives. The husbands’ skills are X₁, and the wives’ skills are X₂. 

3. The researcher predicts that sisters will have higher verbal ability scores than their brothers. The sisters’ scores are X₁, the brothers’ scores are X₂.

4. The researcher predicts that, for pairs of students matched on IQ, the students who use a imagery memory strategy will outperform the students who use a repetition memory strategy. The imagery strategy scores are X₁ and the repetition strategy scores are X₂.