Refer to the Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal (Mar. 2005) study of college students and drinking, Exercise 13.57. A second objective of the researchers was to establish a statistical link between the frequency of drinking (none, once per month, twice per week, or more) and the amount of alcohol consumed (none, 1 drink, 2–3 drinks, 4–6 drinks, 7–9 drinks, or more).

That is, the researchers sought a link between frequency of drinking alcohol over the previous one-month period and average number of drinks consumed per occasion.

An SPSS contingency table analysis relating frequency of drinking to average amount of alcohol consumed is shown above. These results led the researchers to report that “The frequent drinkers were more likely to consume more [alcohol] on each occasion, a tendency that clearly makes them heavy drinkers.” Do you agree?

Explain.

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SPSS output for Exercise 13.58 FREQNCY AMOUNT Crosstabulation AMOUNT None 1 drink 2-3 drinks 4-6 drinks 7-9 drinks More Total FREQNCY None Count 118 0 0 0 0 0 118 Expected Count 21.2 11.0 51.2 17.8 11.5 % within FREQNCY 100.0% .0% .0% .0% .0% OnceMonth Count 0 30 43 20 20 150 5.4 118.0 .0% 100.0% 0 93 Expected Count 16.7 8.6 40.3 14.0 9.1 4.2 93.0 % within FREQNCY .0% TwiceWeek Count Expected Count 49.6 206 32.3% 46.2% 21.5% .0% .0% 100.0% 26 158 46 35 11 276 25.6 119.7 41.6 26.9 12.6 276.0 % within FREQNCY .0% 9.4% 57.2% More Count 0 5 84 16.7% 33 12.7% 4.0% 100.0% 29 19 170 Expected Count 30.5 15.8 73.7 25.6 16.6 7.8 170.0 % within FREQNCY .0% 2.9% 49.4% 19.4% 17.1% 11.2% 100.0% Total Count 118 61 285 99 64 30 657 Expected Count 1180 61.0 285.0 99.0 64.0 30.0 657.0 % within FREQNCY 18.0% 9.3% 43.4% 15.1% 9.7% 4.6% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Asymp. Sig. Value of (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 756.606 15 .000 Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear 706.412 15 .000 322.813 1 .000 Association N of Valid Cases 657 a. 1 cells (4.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.25.