Stress in cows prior to slaughter. What is the level of stress

(if any) that cows undergo prior to being slaughtered?

To answer this question, researchers designed an experiment involving cows bred in Normandy, France (Applied LO4 Animal Behaviour Science, June 2010). The heart rate

(beats per minute) of a cow was measured at four different pre-slaughter phases—(1) first phase of visual contact with pen mates, (2) initial isolation from pen mates for prepping,

(3) restoration of visual contact with pen mates, and

(4) first contact with human prior to slaughter. Data for eight cows (simulated from information provided in the article)

are shown in the next table. The researchers analyzed the data using an analysis of variance for a randomized block design. Their objective was to determine whether the mean heart rate of cows differed in the four pre-slaughter phases.

a. Identify the treatments and blocks for this experimental design.

b. Conduct the appropriate analysis using a statistical software package. Summarize the results in an ANOVA table.

c. Is there evidence of differences among the mean heart rates of cows in the four pre-slaughter phases? Test using a = .05.

d. If warranted, conduct a multiple comparisons procedure to rank the four treatment means. Use an experiment wise error rate of a = .05.
Phase Cow 1 2 3 4 1 124 124 109 107 2 100 98 98 99 3 103 98 100 106 4 94 91 98 95 5 122 109 114 115 6 103 92 100 106 7 98 80 99 103 8 120 84 107 110