The costs of medical care in North America are increasing faster than inflation, and with the baby boom generation soon to need health care, it becomes imperative that countries find ways to reduce both costs and demand. The following table lists the joint probabilities associated with smoking and lung disease among 60- to 65-year-old men.

He is a He is a smoker nonsmoker He has lung disease .12 .03 He does not have lung disease .19 .66 One 60- to 65-year-old man is selected at random.

What is the probability of the following events?

a. He is a smoker.

b. He does not have lung disease.

c. He has lung disease given that he is a smoker.

d. He has lung disease given that he does not smoke.