The following table lists the joint probabilities of achieving grades of A and not achieving A’s in two MBA courses.

Does Not Achieve a Achieve a Grade of A Grade of A in Marketing in Marketing Achieve a grade of A in statistics .053 .130 Does not achieve a grade of A in statistics .237 .580

a. What is the probability that a student achieves a grade of A in marketing?

b. What is the probability that a student achieves a grade of A in marketing, given that he or she does not achieve a grade of A in statistics?

c. Are achieving grades of A in marketing and statistics independent events? Explain.