Violent lyrics and aggressiveness. In the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (May 2003), psychologists investigated the potentially harmful effects of violent music lyrics. A total of 60 undergraduate college students participated in an experiment designed by the researchers. Half of the students were volunteers, and half were required to participate as part of their introductory psychology class. Each student listened to a song by the group “Tool,” with half the students randomly assigned a song with violent lyrics and half assigned a song with nonviolent lyrics. Consequently, the experiment used a 2 * 2 factorial design with the factors Song (violent, nonviolent) and Pool (volunteer, psychology class). After listening to the song, each student was given a list of word pairs and asked to rate the similarity of each word in the pair on a seven-point scale. One word in each pair was aggressive in meaning (e.g., choke) and the other was ambiguous (e.g., night). An aggressive cognition score was assigned on the basis of the average word-pair scores. (The higher the score, the more the subject associated an ambiguous word with a violent word.) The data (simulated) are shown in the accompanying table. Conduct a complete analysis of variance on the data.

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Violent Song Nonviolent Song Volunteer 4.1 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.7 2.8 3.4 4.0 2.5 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.6 4.0 3.3 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.4 Psychology Class 3.4 3.9 4.2 3.2 4.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.8 3.1 3.8 4.1 3.3 3.8 4.5 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.4 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.0 3.1