Kirk Corporation has 19,000 shares outstanding of $8 par value, 8% preferred stock, and 38,000 shares outstanding of $8 par-value common stock. In its first 5 years of operation, the company paid the following dividends: 2015, $0; 2016, $12,160; 2017, $36,480; 2018, $0; 2019, $68,440. Calculate the dividends paid to preferred and common stockholders under the following three independent situations:

1. Preferred stock is noncumulative and nonparticipating.

2. Preferred stock is cumulative and nonparticipating.

3. Preferred stock is cumulative and fully participating.