In each of the following cases, determine whether the IS curve shifts to the right or left, does not shift, or is indeterminate in the direction of shift.

a. The real interest rate rises.

b. The marginal propensity to consume declines.

c. Financial frictions increase.

d. Autonomous consumption decreases.

e. Both taxes and government spending decrease by the same amount.

f. The sensitivity of net exports to changes in the real interest rate decreases.

g. The government provides tax incentives for research and development programs for firms.