Place “MON,” “RET,” or “MAIN” beside the statements that most closely reflect monetarist, rational expectations, or mainstream views, respectively: LO4

a. Anticipated changes in aggregate demand affect only the price level; they have no effect on real output.

b. Downward wage inflexibility means that declines in aggregate demand can cause long-lasting recession.

c. Changes in the money supply M increase PQ ; at first only Q rises, because nominal wages are fixed, but once workers adapt their expectations to new realities, P rises and Q returns to its former level.

d. Fiscal and monetary policies smooth out the business cycle.

e. The Fed should increase the money supply at a fixed annual rate.