A physical therapist claims that the use of a specific type of therapeutic tape reduces pain in patients with chronic tennis elbow. The table shows the pain levels on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain possible, for 15 patients with chronic tennis elbow when holding a 1 kilogram weight. At α = 0.05, is there enough evidence to support the therapist’s claim?

(a) Identify the claim and state H₀ and H_a, 

(b) Find the critical value(s) and identify the rejection region(s), 

(c) Calculate d and s_d, 

(d) Find the standardized test statistic t, 

(e) Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, and 

(f ) interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. Assume the samples are random and dependent, and the populations are normally distributed.

Transcribed Image Text:

1 2 Patient 3 5 Pain level 4 3 (before taping) Pain level 4 5 (after taping) Patient 10 11 12 13 14 15 Pain level 3 (before taping) 3 5 Pain level 3 3 3 (after taping) 2. 4) 4, 2. 4, 1. 6.