A recent study compared the heart rates of 19 infants born to nonsmoking mothers with those of
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A recent study compared the heart rates of 19 infants born to nonsmoking mothers with those of 17 infants born to mothers who smoked an average of 15 cigarettes a day while pregnant and after giving birth.
The heart rates of the infants at one year of age were 20% slower on the average for the smoking mothers.
a. What is the outcome variable?
b. What is the treatment variable?
c. Was this a cohort study or a case-control study?
d. Was the study prospective, cross-sectional, or retrospective?
e. Could the results be due to confounding? Explain.
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