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engineering
engineering fluid mechanics

Questions and Answers of Engineering Fluid Mechanics

For this wye fitting, which lies in a horizontal plane, the cross-sectional areas at sections 1, 2, and 3 are 1 ft 2, 1 ft 2, and 0.25 ft 2, respectively. At these same respective sections the
Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) flows through a horizontal bend and T section as shown. At section a the flow enters with a velocity of 5 m/s, and the pressure is 4.8 kPa gage. At both sections b and c the
For this horizontal T through which water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) is flowing, the following data are given: Q1 = 40 m3/s, Q2 = 30 m3/s, p1 = 100 kPa, p2 = 70 kPa, p3 = 80 kPa, D1 = 15 cm, D2 = 7 cm, and D3
Firehoses can break windows. A 0.2 m diameter (D1) firehose is attached to a nozzle with a 0.08 m diameter (d2) outlet. The free jet from the nozzle is deflected by 90° when it hits the window as
A fireman is soaking a home that is dangerously close to a burning building. To prevent water damage to the inside of the neighboring home, he throttles down his flow rate so that it will not break
If liquid water at 30°C is flowing in a pipe and the pressure drops to the vapor pressure, what happens in the water?a. The water begins condensing on the walls of the pipeb. The water boilsc. The
How does vapor pressure change with increasing temperature?a. It increasesb. It decreasesc. It stays the same
Water is at 30°C and the pressure is lowered until boiling is observed. What is the pressure?
A student in the laboratory plans to exert a vacuum in the air space above the surface of water in a closed tank. She plans for the absolute pressure in the air to be 12,300 Pa. The temperature in
The vapor pressure of water at 100°C is 101 kN/m2. The vapor pressure of water decreases approximately linearly with decreasing temperature at a rate of 3.1 kN/m2/°C. Calculate the boiling
Apply the grid method (§1.7) to each situation.a. If the pressure is 15 inches of water (vacuum), what is the gage pressure in kPa?b. If the pressure is 140 kPa abs, what is the gage pressure in
A 93 mm diameter sphere contains an ideal gas at 20°C. Apply the grid method (§1.7) to calculate the density in units of kg/m3.a. The gas is helium. Th e gage pressure is 36 in-H2O.b. The gas is
For the questions below, assume standard atmospheric pressure.a. For a vacuum pressure of 43 kPa, what is the absolute pressure? Gage pressure?b. For a pressure of 15.6 psig, what is the pressure in
The local atmospheric pressure is 91 kPa. A gage on an oxygen tank reads a pressure of 250 kPa gage. What is the pressure in the tank in kPa abs? Weights - Piston Air Oil
Find a parked automobile for which you have information on tire pressure and weight. Measure the area of tire contact with the pavement. Next, using the weight information and tire pressure, use
As shown, a mouse can use the mechanical advantage provided by a hydraulic machine to lift up an elephant.a. Derive an algebraic equation that gives the mechanical advantage of the hydraulic machine
To derive the hydrostatic equation, which of the following must be assumed? Select all that are correct:a. The specific weight is constant.b. The fluid has no charged particles.c. The fluid is at
Imagine two tanks. Tank A is filled to depth h with water. Tank B is filled to depth h with oil. Which tank has the largest pressure? Why? Where in the tank does the largest pressure occur?
Consider Figure 3.11. a. Which fluid has the larger density?b. If you graphed pressure as a function of z in these two layered liquids, in which fluid does the pressure change more with each
Apply the grid method (§1.7) with the hydrostatic equation (Δp = γΔz) to each of the following cases:a. Predict the pressure change Δp in kPa for an elevation change Δz of 6.8 ft in a fluid
Apply the grid method to each of the following situations:a. What is the change in air pressure in pascals between the floor and the ceiling of a room with walls that are 8 ft tall?b. A diver in the
As shown, an air space above a long tube is pressurized to 50 kPa vacuum. Water (20°C) from a reservoir fills the tube to a height h. If the pressure in the air space is changed to 25 kPa vacuum,
A field test is used to measure the density of crude oil recovered during a fracking* operation. The crude oil recovered is mixed with brine. The oil and brine mixture are placed in an *Hydraulic
For the closed tank with Bourdon-tube gages tapped into it, what is the specific gravity of the oil and the pressure reading on gage C? 0.5 m Air A PA= 50.0 kPa 1.0 m Oil B Pg= 58.5 kPa 0.5 m 1.0 m
This manometer contains water at room temperature. The glass tube on the left has an inside diameter of 1 mm (d = 1.0 mm). The glass tube on the right is three times as large. For these
If a 390 N force F1 is applied to the piston with the 4 cm diameter, what is the magnitude of the force F2 that can be resisted by the piston with the 10 cm diameter? Neglect the weights of the
Regarding the hydraulic jack in Problem 3.18, which ideas were used to analyze the jack? Select all that apply:a. Pressure = (force)(area)b. Pressure increases linearly with depth in a fluid with a
Water occupies the bottom 1.2 m of a cylindrical tank. On top of the water is 0.8 m of kerosene, which is open to the atmosphere. If the temperature is 20°C, what is the gage pressure at the bottom
A tank with an attached manometer contains water at 20°C. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. There is a stopcock located 1 m from the surface of the water in the manometer. The stopcock is closed,
A tank is fitted with a manometer on the side, as shown. The liquid in the bottom of the tank and in the manometer has a specific gravity (SG) of 3.0. Th e depth of this bottom liquid is 20 cm. A 15
As shown, a weight sits on a piston of diameter D1. The piston rides on a reservoir of oil of depth h1 and specific gravity SG. The reservoir is connected to a round tube of diameter D2 and oil rises
As shown, a weight of mass 5 kg is situated on a piston of diameter D1 = 120 mm. The piston rides on a reservoir of oil of depth h1 = 42 mm and specific gravity SG = 0.8. The reservoir is connected
What is the maximum gage pressure in the odd tank shown in the figure? Where will the maximum pressure occur? What is the pressure force acting on the top (CD) of the last chamber on the right-hand
The steel pipe and steel chamber shown in the figure together weigh 700 lbf. What force will have to be exerted on the chamber by all the bolts to hold it in place? The dimension ℓ is equal to 4
The piston shown weighs 8 lbf. In its initial position, the piston is restrained from moving towards the bottom of the cylinder by means of the metal stop. Assuming there is neither friction nor
Consider an air bubble rising from the bottom of a lake. Neglecting surface tension, determine the ratio of the density of the air in the bubble at a depth of 34 ft to its density at a depth of 8 ft .
One means of determining the surface level of liquid in a tank is by discharging a small amount of air through a small tube, the end of which is submerged in the tank, and reading the pressure on the
Match the following pressure-measuring devices with the correct name. The device names are: barometer, Bourdon gage, piezometer, manometer, and pressure transducer.a. A U-shaped tube in which changes
Which is the more correct way to describe the two summation (Σ) terms of the manometer equation, Eq. (3.21)?a. Add the downs and subtract the ups.b. Subtract the downs and add the ups.
As shown, gas at pressure pg raises a column of liquid to a height h. The gage pressure in the gas is given by pg = γliquid h. Apply the grid method (§1.7) to each situation that follows.a.
Is the gage pressure at the center of the pipe (a) Negative, (b) Zero, or (c) Positive? Neglect surface tension effects and state your rationale. Specific gravity = 1.00 6 in 30 in 12
Determine the gage pressure at the center of the pipe (point A) in pounds per square inch when the temperature is 70°F with h1 = 16 in. and h2 = 2 in. Pipe (section view) (A) Water h, Mercury
Considering the effects of surface tension, estimate the gage pressure at the center of pipe A for h = 120 mm and T = 20°C. Glass tube (0.5 mm ID, 4 mm OD) Water level in tube h A +,
What is the pressure at the center of pipe B? B -y = 10 kN/m3 y = 20 kN/m3 50 cm 50 cm 10 cm
The ratio of container diameter to tube diameter is 8. When air in the container is at atmospheric pressure, the free surface in the tube is at position 1. When the container is pressurized, the
The ratio of container diameter to tube diameter is 10. When air in the container is at atmospheric pressure, the free surface in the tube is at position 1. When the container is pressurized, the
Determine the gage pressure at the center of pipe A in pounds per square inch and in kilopascals. to Water Air, 100 cm 3.28 ft 40 cm 1.31 ft Mercury
A device for measuring the specific weight of a liquid consists of a U-tube manometer as shown. Th e manometer tube has an internal diameter of 0.5 cm and originally has water in it. Exactly 2 cm3 of
Mercury is poured into the tube in the figure until the mercury occupies 375 mm of the tube’s length. An equal volume of water is then poured into the left leg. Locate the water and mercury
Find the pressure at the center of pipe A. T = 10°C. Oil (SG = 0.8). Water 90 cm 150 cm Wate 30 cm Mercury to (SG = 13.6) 30 cm
Determine (a) The difference in pressure and (b) The difference in piezometric head between points A and B. The elevations zA and zB are 10 m and 11 m, respectively, ℓ1 = 1 m, and the
The deflection on the manometer is h meters when the pressure in the tank is 150 kPa absolute. If the absolute pressure in the tank is doubled, what will the deflection on the manometer be?
A vertical conduit is carrying oil (SG = 0.95). A differential mercury manometer is tapped into the conduit at points A and B. Determine the difference in pressure between A and B when h = 3 in. What
Two water manometers are connected to a tank of air. One leg of the manometer is open to 100 kPa pressure (absolute) while the other leg is subjected to 90 kPa. Find the difference in deflection
A novelty scale for measuring a person’s weight by having the person stand on a piston connected to a water reservoir and stand pipe is shown in the diagram. The level of the water in the stand
Using §3.4 and other resources, answer the questions below. Strive for depth, clarity, and accuracy while also combining sketches, words, and equations in ways that enhance the effectiveness of your
Two cylindrical tanks have bottom areas A and 4A respectively, and are filled with water to the depths shown.a. Which tank has the higher pressure at the bottom of the tank?b. Which tank has the
What is the force acting on the gate of an irrigation ditch if the ditch and gate are 2 ft wide, 2 ft deep, and the ditch is completely full of water? There is no water on the other side of the gate.
An irrigation ditch is full, with slack (V = 0 m/s) water (T = 5°C) restrained by a closed gate. Th e ditch and gate are both 2 m wide by 1.5 m deep. Find the force acting on the gate and the
Consider the two rectangular gates shown in the figure. They are both the same size, but gate A is held in place by a horizontal shaft through its midpoint and gate B is cantilevered to a shaft at
For gate A, choose the statements that are valid: (a) The hydrostatic force acting on the gate increases as H increases.(b) The distance between the CP on the gate and the centroid of the gate
As shown, water (15°C) is in contact with a square panel; d = 2.3 m and h = 2 m.a. Calculate the depth of the centroid.b. Calculate the resultant force on the panel.c. Calculate the distance from
As shown, a round viewing window of diameter D = 0.8 m is situated in a large tank of seawater (SG = 1.03). The top of the window is 2.0 m below the water surface, and the window is angled at 60°
Find the force of the gate on the block as shown, where d = 12 m, h = 6 m, and w = 6 m. Water d hxw gate h/2 Pivot h/2 Block
A rectangular gate is hinged at the water line, as shown. The gate has h = 4 ft of its length below the waterline, L = 1 ft above the waterline, and is 5.8 ft wide. The specific weight of water is
A rectangular gate is hinged at the water line as shown. The gate has h = 2 m of its length below the waterline, L = 0.3 m above the waterline, and is 2 m wide. The specific weight of water is 9810
The gate shown is rectangular and has dimensions height h = 6 m by width b = 4 m. The hinge is d = 3 m below the water surface. What is the force at point A? Neglect the weight of the gate. d Hinge
Determine the force P necessary to just start opening the 2 m wide gate. 1 m Hinge 2 m-wide gate Water 4 m PA 3 m
This butterfly valve (D = 12 ft) is used to control the flow in a 12 ft diameter outlet pipe in a dam. In the position shown, the valve is closed. The valve is supported by a horizontal shaft through
For the gate shown, α = 45°, y1 = 1 m, and y2 = 4 m. Will the gate fall or stay in position under the action of the hydrostatic and gravity forces if the gate itself weighs 150 kN and is 1.0 m
For this gate, α = 45°, y1 = 3 ft, and y2 = 6 ft. Will the gate fall or stay in position under the action of the hydrostatic and gravity forces if the gate itself weighs 18,000 lb and is 3ft wide?
Determine the hydrostatic force F on the triangular gate, which is hinged at the bottom edge and held by the reaction RT at the upper corner. Express F in terms of γ, h, and W. Also determine the
In constructing dams, the concrete is poured in lift s of approximately 1.8 m (y1 = 1.8 m). The forms for the face of the dam are reused from one lift to the next. The figure shows one such form,
The plane rectangular gate can pivot about the support at B. For the conditions given, is it stable or unstable? Neglect the weight of the gate. Justify your answer with calculations. Water 8 m Gate
Two hemispheric shells are perfectly sealed together, and the internal pressure is reduced to 25% of atmospheric pressure. The inner radius is 10.5 cm, and the outer radius is 10.75 cm. The seal is
A plug in the shape of a hemisphere is inserted in a hole in the side of a tank as shown in the figure. The plug is sealed by an O-ring with a radius of 0.2 m. The radius of the hemispherical plug is
This dome (hemisphere) is located below the water surface as shown. Determine the magnitude and sign of the force components needed to hold the dome in place and the line of action of the horizontal
Three spheres of the same diameter are submerged in the same body of water. One sphere is steel, one is a spherical balloon filled with water, and one is a spherical balloon filled with air.a. Which
A rock weighs 980 N in air and 609 N in water. Find its volume.
You are at an estate sale and trying to decide whether to bid on a gold pendant that is said to be 24-carat (pure) gold. The pendant looks like gold, but you would like to check. You are permitted to
As shown, a cube (L = 94 mm) suspended in carbon tetrachloride is exactly balanced by an object of mass m1 = 610 g. Find the mass m2 of the cube. Balance beam scale - Cube with mass m, Block with
As shown, a uniform-diameter rod is weighted at one end and is floating in a liquid. The liquid (a) Is lighter than water, (b) Must be water, or (c) Is heavier than water. Show your
An 800 ft ship has a weight of 40,000 tons, and the area defined by the waterline is 38,000 ft2. Will the ship take more or less draft when steaming from salt water to fresh water? How much will it
An 150 m long freighter weighs 300 × 106 N, and the area defined by its waterline is 2600 m2. Will the ship ride higher or deeper in the water when traveling from fresh water to salt water as it
A submerged spherical steel buoy that is 1.2 m in diameter and weighs 1800 N is to be anchored in salt water 50 m below the surface. Find the weight of scrap iron that should be sealed inside the
A block of material of unknown volume is submerged in water and found to weigh 390 N (in water). The same block weighs 700 N in air. Determine the specific weight and volume of the material.
A 1ft diameter cylindrical tank is filled with water to a depth of 2ft. A cylinder of wood 5 in. in diameter and 6.0 in. long is set afloat on the water. The weight of the wood cylinder is 3.5 lbf.
The floating platform shown is supported at each corner by a hollow sealed cylinder 1 m in diameter. The platform itself weighs 30 kN in air, and each cylinder weighs 1.0 kN per meter of length. What
To what depth d will this rectangular block (with density 0.75 times that of water) float in the two-liquid reservoir? p= 0.75Pwater L SG= 1.0 3L d=? y SG= 1.2 TH
Determine the minimum volume of concrete (γ = 23.6 kN/m3) needed to keep the gate (1 m wide) in a closed position, with ℓ = 3 m. Note the hinge at the bottom of the gate. Stop Submerged concrete
A cylindrical container 4 ft high and 2 ft in diameter holds water to a depth of 2 ft. How much does the level of the water in the tank change when a 5 lb block of ice is placed in the container? Is
The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the wall by a hinge as shown. The pole is in equilibrium under the action of the weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood. 2/3L
A gate with a circular cross section is held closed by a lever 1 m long attached to a buoyant cylinder. The cylinder is 25 cm in diameter and weighs 200 N. The gate is attached to a horizontal shaft
The hydrometer shown weighs 0.015 N. If the stem sinks 7.2 cm in oil (z = 7.2 cm), what is the specific gravity of the oil?
The hydrometer shown sinks 4.7 cm (z = 4.7 cm) in water (15°C). Th e bulb displaces 1.0 cm3, and the stem area is 0.1 cm2. Find the weight of the hydrometer. A = 0.1 cm? +=1.0 cm
A common commercial hydrometer for measuring the amount of antifreeze in the coolant system of an automobile engine consists of a chamber with differently colored balls. The system is calibrated to
A hydrometer with the configuration shown has a bulb diameter of 2 cm, a bulb length of 8 cm, a stem diameter of 1 cm, a length of 8 cm, and a mass of 40 g. What is the range of specific gravities
A barge 20 ft wide and 40 ft long is loaded with rocks as shown. Assume that the center of gravity of the rocks and barge is located along the centerline at the top surface of the barge. If the rocks
A floating body has a square cross section with side w as shown in the figure. The center of gravity is at the centroid of the cross section. Find the location of the water line, ℓ/w, where the
A cylindrical block of wood 1 m in diameter and 1 m long has a specific weight of 7500 N/m3. Will it float in water with its axis vertical?

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