A car is equipped with a bumper B designed to absorb collisions. The bumper is mounted to the car using pieces of flexible tubing T. Upon collision with a rigid barrier at A, a constant horizontal force F is developed which causes a car deceleration kg (the highest safe deceleration for a passenger without a seatbelt). If the car and passenger have a total mass M and the car is initially coasting with a speed v, determine the magnitude of F needed to stop the car and the deformation x of the bumper tubing.

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Units Used: Mm = Given: kN = 10³ N 10³ kg M = 1.5 10³ kg V = 1.5 m S k = 3