9.52 Paired-samples t test and graduate admissions: Is it harder to get into graduate programs in psychology or in history? We randomly selected five institutions from among all U.S. institutions with graduate programs. The first number for each is the minimum grade-point average (GPA) for applicants to the psychology doctoral program, and the second is for applicants to the history doctoral program. These GPAs were posted on the Web site of the well-known university guide company Peterson’s.

Wayne State University: 3.0, 2.75 University of Iowa: 3.0, 3.0 University of Nevada, Reno: 3.0, 2.75 George Washington University: 3.0, 3.0 University of Wyoming: 3.0, 3.0

a. The participants are not people; explain why it is appropriate to use a paired-samples t test for this situation.

b. Conduct all six steps of a paired-samples t test. Be sure to label all six steps.

c. Calculate the effect size and explain what this adds to your analysis.

d. Report the statistics as you would in a journal article.