For which of the following situations would an independent-measures design have the maximum advantage over a repeated-measures design?

a. When individual differences are small and participating in one treatment is likely to produce a permanent change in the participant’s performance

b. When individual differences are small and participating in one treatment is not likely to produce a permanent change in the participant’s performance

c. When individual differences are large and participating in one treatment is likely to produce a permanent change in the participant’s performance

d. When individual differences are large and participating in one treatment is not likely to produce a permanent change in the participant’s performance