The argument among accountants and financial statement users over the proper valuation procedures for assets and liabilities resulted in the release of SFAS No. 115. The statement requires current value disclosures for all investments in debt securities and for investments in equity securities that have readily determinable fair values and for which the investor does not have significant influence. The chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission termed historical cost valuations "once upon a time accounting." Historical cost accounting also has been criticized as contributing to the Savings and Loan crisis in the 1980s. During that period, these financial institutions continued to value assets at historical cost when they were billions of dollars overvalued. Critics of current value accounting point out that objective market values for many assets are not available, current values cannot be used for tax purposes, using current values can cause earnings volatility, and management could use current value to "manage earnings."

Required:

a. Determine how current values might be determined for investments, land, buildings, equipment, patents, copyrights, trademarks, and franchises.

b. How might the use of current values in the accounting records cause earnings volatility?

c. Discuss how management might manage earnings using current cost data.

d. How does SFAS No. 157 affect the use of fair value measurement in financial statements?