Refer to the adjusted trial balance of Wilderness Guide Services, Inc., illustrated in Exercise 5.3 to respond to the following items:

a. Prepare all necessary closing entries at December 31, 2015.
b. Prepare an after-closing trial balance dated December 31, 2015.
c. Compare the Retained Earnings balance reported in the after-closing trial balance prepared in part b to the balance reported in the adjusted trial balance. Explain why the two balances are different. (Include in your explanation why the balance reported in the after-closing trial balance has increased or decreased subsequent to the closing process.)