Do species other than humans possess language?

a. Yes. Recent studies with chimpanzees have proven beyond doubt that they use language.

b. No. Animals have never shown language beyond the ability to recognize words.

c. The answer depends on how you define language.

d. No. Animals that seem to use language can only do so for a matter of days before loss of memory leads to rapid fading of language ability.

e. Yes. Animals can develop vocabularies similar to young children.