Jacque learned to speak Italian when she was in the first grade and was able to speak, read, and write Italian fairly well by the fourth grade. She moved to a new school system that did not have Italian as a choice for World Languages, so she decided to take Spanish. Sometimes she found herself saying and writing words in Italian as she completed her Spanish assignments. Often, she remembered the vocabulary in Italian before she said the word in Spanish. Sometimes she felt like knowing Italian helped her learn Spanish, but sometimes she thought it just confused her! When Jacque was in her Spanish classroom, she felt more at ease with the Spanish language. When she went to an Italian restaurant, she enjoyed being able to read the menu to her friends if it was written in Italian.

Briefly define each concept and use an example to show how each concept is related to Jacque’s experiences.

• Working memory

• Explicit memory

• Effortful processing

• Context-dependent memory

• Proactive interference Explain how these brain structures play a role in Jacque’s memory processing.

• Hippocampus

• Amygdala