Students who have recently learned “correlation does not equal causation” should be most cautious of the findings in which news headline below?

a. “Coffee drinkers live longer, surveys say.”

b. “101-year-old man still healthy and happy.”

c. “Flu shots lower the risk of infection by 87% in lab studies.”

d. “Skim milk consumption tied to decreased neuron growth in studies of mice.”

e. “Observers note men less likely than women to wash their hands in public restrooms.”