Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

a. David has had trouble in math in the past, so in his new math class he gives up on the first day.

b. Ivy does not think her teacher has treated her fairly, so she complains to her principal.

c. Samuel’s teacher puts him in a group with struggling students, and Samuel, normally a good student, responds by doing very poor work. The next week he is placed in the same group.

d. Rachel writes a letter to the editor about her concerns with the city council, and as a result her social studies teacher praises her in class.

e. Nyah’s father takes her out of an advanced class because she is struggling at first, but she responds by working even harder and making better grades in all of her classes.