Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?

a. Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis.

b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline.

c. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time.

d. Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard.

After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.

e. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.