Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?

a. Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also tended to have satisfying close relationships.

b. Social exclusion—such as exile or solitary confinement—

is considered a severe form of punishment.

c. As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents and to yearn for an affiliation with them.

d. Children who are extremely neglected become withdrawn, frightened, and speechless.