Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment?

a. Punishment is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used too frequently.

b. Punishment may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term side effects.

c. Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quickly.

d. Punishment typically results in an increase of a behavior that caused the removal of an aversive stimulus.

e. Punishment should never be used (in the opinion of most psychologists), because the damage it causes can never be repaired.