Consider the following events for Byer’s Innovations Co. that occurred during 2021.

1. Leased factory space from Whole Properties Company for a one-year period starting November 1, 2021. Six months of rent at $3,000 per month was paid in advance.

2. Incurred $35,000 of research costs for new products. No new products were developed but management believes the research will lead to new products.

3. Used power and water during December for manufacturing. Byer’s Innovations Co. will receive the bill in January 2022 and pay it in February 2022. Power and water costs totalling $55,000 have been recorded for the period from January 1 to November 30, 2021.

4. New packaging equipment costing $48,000 was installed during November 2021. The equipment was tested in December and will be used for packaging starting in January 2022. The equipment has an estimated useful life of four years and an estimated residual value of $4,000. The company uses straight-line depreciation.

Instructions

For each event, indicate the amount of expense that should be recognized in the 2021 income statement. Use professional judgement to estimate expense where appropriate.