Solar irradiation of 1100 W/m² is incident on a large, flat, horizontal metal roof on a day when the wind blowing over the roof causes a convection heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m². K. The outside air temperature is 27°C, the metal surface absorptivity for incident solar radiation is 0.60. the metal surface emissivity is 0.20, and the roof is well insulated from below.

  (a) Estimate the roof temperature under steady-state conditions.

  (b) Explore the effect of changes in the absorptivity, emissivity, and convection coefficient on the steady-state temperature.