• Pay and benefits. Evidence suggests a significant departure from the old centralized mode, particularly for managers, professionals and technicians, with pay for clerical and manual workers still established in state-wide systems

(as in most of Western Europe), and reflecting anti-inflationary measures;

variable pay is increasing, with other incentives including profit sharing and merit/performance-related pay; social benefits are often still offered, including child care facilities and grants for recreation for children of employees.