• respublicanskie (republican, having their headquarters in the republics, and directly supervising sectors which were focused on local needs such as intrarepublic transportation, and which were subordinate to the Unionrepublican ministries).+• Bureaucratic coordination. This best describes the vertical linkages existing within the control mechanisms imposed on enterprises, although this did not conform to the classic model of hierarchy as has been seen in the overlap between state and party apparatus. In both state-owned and cooperative enterprises, management was dependent on functional ministries, and subordinate to the

(political) needs of the Soviet Union bureaucracy.