In terms of beliefs regarding women's deception in dating situations, the Benz et al. (2005) study hypothesized that men, more so than women, believe women use deception more often regarding their physical appearance than their financial situation. Below is the contingency table for this analysis:

Use these data to address the question of whether men and women differ in their beliefs regarding women's deception.

a. Draw a bar chart of the data.

b. State the null and alternative hypotheses \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{0}\right.\) and \(\left.\mathrm{H}_{1}\right)\).

c. Make a decision about the null hypothesis.
(1) Calculate the degrees of freedom (df).
(2) Set alpha ( \(\alpha\) ), identify the critical value, and state a decision rule.
(3) Calculate a statistic: chi-square \(\left(\chi^{2}\right)\).
(4) Make a decision whether to reject the null hypothesis.
(5) Determine the level of significance.
(6) Calculate a measure of effect size (Cramér's \(\phi\) ).

d. Draw a conclusion from the analysis.

e. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis.

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Type of Deception Used by Women Financial Physical Total Man 0 29 29 Sex 0.0% 100.0% 100% Woman 9 52 61 14.8% 85.2% 100% Total 9 81 90