1. Figure 1.4 summarizes the story of cooking fuel and deforestation in India. Look at each of the arrows in the figure and write down the effect that it represents, so that you can trace the chain of effects through the village social system and ecosystem. For example, the arrow from

‘Human population’ to ‘Demand for cooking fuel’ can be described as

‘Increase in human population increases the demand for cooking fuel’.

Then look at the arrows in Figure 1.5. Starting with ‘Demand for cooking fuel’, note how the direction of the effects in Figure 1.5 is different from Figure 1.4 because biogas technology is in the story. Start with the arrow from ‘Demand for cooking fuel’ to ‘Biogas technology’, which represents ‘High demand for cooking fuel leads to biogas technology’. The arrow from ‘Biogas technology’ to ‘Biogas generators’

represents ‘Biogas generators are introduced to villages’; and so on.