Which types of international employee are most cost-effective? Which provide the best business results? The extent of the cost variances and the ability of IHRM to measure and to manage these differences (and the extent to which IE choices are made based on these differences] need to be examined. In the authors’ experience, even though the costs of IE assignments are rarely measured, the benefits are almost never measured, making any assessment of ROI of foreign assignments almost always impossible. Since MNEs are under constant and strong cost pressures, it would seem that this should be an area for major attention (and for payoff from results of such attention).