1. Think of examples from other sciences when, in the process of development, the new approach rejected an underlying principle of the previous approach and suggested something dierent instead.

2. How does this relate to the idea of paradigm shift?

3. What is usually the relationship between the new theory and the old theory in such cases? Do they contradict each other? Or does the new theory subsume the old theory? Or do they just study dierent, unrelated aspects of reality?

4. Think about these examples:

● Newtonian mechanics and Einstein’s general theory of relativity, in particular the belief that light travels in a straight line and the belief that light can travel in a curved trajectory near large bodies of mass

● the theory of ether (in physics) and the duality of light ● utilitarian and deontological ethics ● realism and impressionism in the arts.