Do trees have standing? How about rivers, plants, and animals? Future generations? What about Pacific Island nations and residents of low-lying villages threatened with a rise in ocean levels? Are island nations true adversaries—that is,

(a) do they suffer an injury in fact,

(b) can this injury be fairly traceable to an action of the defendant (who would that be, and how would that source be identified?), and

(c) is a court able to redress the injury through a favorable ruling (what would such a ruling require?)?