The following situations all involve a change in accounting. Assume the company is public unless specified otherwise.
a. A private company adopted percentage-of-completion for a long-term construction contract; all prior contracts were short term and used completed contract.
b. Arithmetic error was made in calculating the closing inventory for 20X1; it now is 20X3.
c. A tree farm changed its inventory valuation method from historical cost to net realizable value to comply with the requirements of IAS 41. Past NRVs cannot be determined.
d. Straight-line depreciation for the past three years has been calculated with no deduction for residual value because none was expected; management now believes a residual value of 10% of original cost is appropriate.
e. The unamortized balance of capitalized development costs is deemed worthless as a result of technological changes that occurred in the current year; all further development costs will be expensed.
f. Changed from revenue recognition at cash collection to revenue recognition at point of delivery because of a marked improvement in the creditworthiness of the customer. Cash collection occurs later than delivery.
g. Straight-line depreciation for the past three years has been calculated with no deduction for residual value because of an oversight.
h. A private company had been using full allocation for income taxes; the company changes to the taxes payable method for the current year.
i. Investment property was reported at fair value in prior years but the measurement method was discovered to be flawed. A more accurate method has been adopted for the current year.

Required:
For each of these situations, briefly explain:
1. The type of accounting change.
2. The appropriate method for reporting the change, including a discussion of how amounts, if any, are determined.
3. The effect of the change on the financial statements, if any.