For each of the following, specify whether the foreign direct investment is horizontal or vertical; in addition, describe whether that investment represents an FDI inflow or outflow from the countries that are mentioned.

a. Vodafone (a U.K.-based company) plans to improve its network and services in Romania after the results in this market lagged behind other countries.

b. General Electric (an American company) buys Alstom (another American company)

energy assets.

c. Exxon (an American company) plans the construction of new delayed coker unit in Belgium.

d. Petro China (a Chinese company) plans to invest in global oil and natural gas assets in a venture in Western Australia.