1.1 Classify each of the following purchases as forward integration, backward integration, or neither.

a. Google, the producer of the Android operating system used on smartphones, purchases Motorola Mobility, a producer of smartphones.

b. China General Nuclear Power Group, the state-owned nuclear power corporation, purchases Extract Resources, the Australian operator of uranium mines in Namibia.

c. Anheuser-Busch InBev, a major worldwide producer of beers, purchases Grupo Modelo, the major producer of beers in Mexico.

d. Kinder Morgan, the operator of two major oil fields in Texas, purchases El Paso Corporation, the owner of the pipelines that take oil from the fields to refiners.