34. Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in males. As an indicator of whether a male has prostate cancer, doctors often perform a test that measures the level of the PSA protein (prostate specific antigen) that is produced only by the prostate gland. Although higher PSA levels are indicative of cancer, the test is notoriously unreliable. Indeed, the probability that a noncancerous man will have an elevated PSA level is approximately .135, with this probability increasing to approximately .268 if the man does have cancer. If, based on other factors, a physician is 70 percent certain that a male has prostate cancer, what is the conditional probability that he has the cancer given that

(a) the test indicates an elevated PSA level;

(b) the test does not indicate an elevated PSA level?

Repeat the preceding, this time assuming that the physician initially believes there is a 30 percent chance the man has prostate cancer.