4. A fallacy is a type of reasoning that seems to be valid but is not; an example is post hoc reasoning, which literally means “after this.” In this fallacy, one assumes that an event that occurred first is the cause of a later event. For example, this morning your horoscope might have stated “You will have a conflict today” and then later that same day you have a dispute with a colleague.

a. Give two additional examples of post hoc reasoning from everyday life.

b. Comment on the distinction between causality and post hoc reasoning.