(a) Motivation at work is very subjective and influenced by a range of variables includ- ing personality, age, cultural influences and unknown circumstances outside of work. Generalised theories of motivation cannot meet all individual circumstances and therefore are largely a waste of your study time.

(b) Motivating employees to improved performance is easy. Emphasise clear, stretching but attainable goals, constructive feedback, an equitable system of rewards and leave them alone to get on with the job.

(c) The motivation of so-called knowledge workers is no different from motivating any other members of staff that is fair and reasonable recognition of their individual value to achieving the objectives of the organisation.