A researcher might be interested in evaluating how a person’s physical and emotional distance from Manhattan at the time of the 9/11 terrorist attacks relates to the accuracy of memory about the event. 

a. Identify the independent variables and the dependent variable. 

b. Imagine that physical distance is assessed as within 100 miles or beyond 100 miles; also, imagine that emotional distance is assessed as knowing no one who was affected, knowing people who were affected but lived, and knowing someone who died in the attacks. How many levels do the independent variables have? 

c. How might you operationalize the dependent variable (which you identified in part (a) above)?