Taxes are classified based on whether they are applied directly to income—direct taxes—

or to some other measurable performance characteristic of the firm—indirect taxes. Classify each of the following as a “direct tax,” an “indirect tax,” or something else:

a. Corporate income tax paid by a Japanese subsidiary on its operating income

b. Royalties paid to Saudi Arabia for oil extracted and shipped to world markets

c. Interest received by a U.S. parent on bank deposits held in London

d. Interest received by a U.S. parent on a loan to a subsidiary in Mexico

e. Principal repayment received by U.S. parent from Belgium on a loan to a wholly owned subsidiary in Belgium

f. Excise tax paid on cigarettes manufactured and sold within the U.S.

g. Property taxes paid on the corporate headquarters building in Seattle 

h. A direct contribution to the International Committee of the Red Cross for refugee relief 

i. Deferred income tax, shown as a deduction on the U.S. parent’s consolidated income tax j. Withholding taxes withheld by Germany on dividends paid to a United Kingdom parent corporation