Explain the transformations shown in Fig. P23.78 by showing relevant intermediates, providing analogies to known reactions, and, where appropriate, giving curved-arrow mechanisms.

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(a) (c) + NaNO₂ HCI H₂O Nz + CO, + HẠO H₂N NH₂ (This reaction can be used to scavenge unwanted nitrous acid.) Ph-C-CH₂CH₂-NMe3 Cl- KCN H₂O, heat (b) NH Ph-C-CH₂CH₂-CN CH3 C=O NaBH4 MeOH CH3