For each of the following scenarios, determine whether supply or demand (or both, or neither) will shift as a result, and what the direction of each shift will be:

a. (Market for cars) Sheet metal gets more expensive.

b. (Market for tourism in New Zealand) A major movie is filmed in NewZealand, sparking worldwide interest in vacationing there.

c. (Market for books) The printing press is invented, and more people learn howto read.

d. (Market for imitation vanilla) People prefer real vanilla to imitation but it’smore expensive. Then, wages go up in every industry but vanilla.

e. (Market for pencils) A surprising new law bans pens. People have to use pencils now, and pen factories retrofit to make pencils instead.